In Kreeft’s The Philosophy of Tolkien: The Worldview Behind The Lord of the Rings (Ignatius, 2005), he works through 50 of the great questions using four tools:
- an explanation of the meaning and importance of the question;
- a key quotation from The Lord of the Rings showing how Tolkien answered the question (many more passages are given in the Concordance to The Lord of the Rings in the Appendix);
- a quotation from Tolkien’s other writings (usually a letter) that explains or comments on the theme in The Lord of the Rings;
- a quotation from C. S. Lewis, Tolkien’s closest friend, showing the same philosophy directly stated.
Here’s the outline of worldview issues addressed (at least in part) by The Lord of the Rings.
1. Metaphysics
1.1 How big is reality?
1.2 Is the supernatural real?
1.3 Are Platonic Ideas real?
2. Philosophical Theology
2.1 Does God exist?
2.2 Is life subject to divine providence?
2.3 Are we both fated and free?
2.4 Can we relate to God by “religion”?
3. Angelology
3.1 Are angels real?
3.2 Do we have guardian angels?
3.3 Could there be creatures between men and angels, such as Elves?
4. Cosmology
4.1 Is nature really beautiful?
4.2 Do things have personalities?
4.3 Is there real magic?
5. Anthropology
5.1 Is death good or bad?
5.2 Is romance more thrilling than sex?
5.3 Why do humans have identity crises?
5.4 What do we most deeply desire?
6. Epistemology
6.1 Is knowledge always good?
6.2 Is intuition a form of knowledge?
6.3 Is faith (trust) wisdom or ignorance?
6.4 What is truth?
7. Philosophy of History
7.1 Is history a story?
7.2 Is the past (tradition) a prison or a lighthouse?
7.3 Is history predictable?
7.4 Is there devolution as well as evolution?
7.5 Is human life a tragedy or a comedy?
8. Aesthetics
8.1 Why do we no longer love glory or splendor?
8.2 Is beauty always good?
9. Philosophy of Language
9.1 How can words be alive?
9.2 The metaphysics of words: Can words have real power?
9.3 Are there right and wrong words?
9.4 Is there an original, universal, natural language?
9.5 Why is music so powerful?
10. Political Philosophy
10.1 Is small beautiful?
10.2 Can war be noble?
11. Ethics: The War of Good and Evil
11.1 Is evil real?
11.2 How powerful is evil?
11.3 How weak is evil?
11.4 How does evil work?
12. Ethics: The “Hard” Virtues
12.1 Do principles or consequences make an act good?
12.2 Why must we be heroes?
12.3 Can one go on without hope?
12.4 Is authority oppressive and obedience demeaning?
12.5 Are promises sacred?
13. Ethics: The “Soft” Virtues
13.1 What is the power of friendship?
13.2 Is humility humiliating?
13.3 What should you give away?
13.4 Does mercy trump justice?
13.5 Is charity a waste?
14. Conclusion
Can any one man incarnate every truth and virtue?
Below is the outline for his philosophical concordance of The Lord of the Rings:.
1. Metaphysics
1.1. Metaphysical realism: that reality is more than appearance, more than our consciousness, and more than our expectations
1.2. Supernaturalism: that reality is more than the natural (matter, time, and space)
1.3. Platonism: archetypes
2. Philosophical Theology
2.1. God
2.2. Divine providence (especially providential timings and “coincidences”)
2.3. Fate (or predestination, or destiny) and free will
2.4. Religion
3. Angelology
3.1. The reality of angels
3.2. The task of angels: guardians
3.3. Elves as halfway between the human and the angelic
4. Cosmology
4.1. The beauty of the cosmos
4.2. The personality of things in the world
4.3. Magic in the world and man
5. Anthropology
5.1. Death
5.2. Romance
5.3. The perilous status of selfhood; the flexibility of the self
5.4. Sehnsucht, longing (especially for the sea)
6. Epistemology
6.1. Knowledge is not always good
6.2. Knowledge by intuition
6.3. Knowledge by faith (trust)
6.4. Truth
7. Philosophy of History
7.1. Teleology, story, purpose, “road”
7.2. Tradition, collective memory, legends
7.3. The freedom and unpredictability of history
7.4. Devolution, pessimism
7.5. Eucatastrophe, optimism
8. Aesthetics
8.1. Formality, “glory,” height
8.2. Beauty and goodness
9. Philosophy of Language
9.1. Names and language in general
9.2. Proper names
9.3. The magical power of words
9.4. Music
10. Political Philosophy
10.1. Populism, “small is beautiful”
10.2. Peace and war
11. Ethics
11.1. Spiritual warfare
11.2. The power of evil and the evil of power
11.3. The weakness of evil
11.4. The strategy of evil; the mechanism of temptation (especially the Ring)
12. Ethics: The Hard Virtues
12.1. Duty versus utility
12.2. Courage
12.3. Hope versus despair
12.4. Obedience to authority
12.5. Honesty, truthfulness, keeping promises
13. Ethics: The Soft Virtues
13.1. Friendship, fellowship
13.2. Humility, “hobbitry”
13.3. Gifts
13.4. Pity
13.5. Charity; the gift of self
14. The Fulfillment of All the Points: Christ
